It has been hypothesized that vascular injury may be an important mechanism of cryosurgical destruction in addition to direct cellular destruction. In this study, we report correlation of tissue and vascular injury after cryosurgery to the temperature history during cryosurgery in an in vivo microvascular preparation. The dorsal skin flap chamber, implanted in the Copenhagen rat, was chosen as the cryosurgical model. Cryosurgery was performed in the chamber on either normal skin or tumor tissue propagated from an AT-1 Dunning rat prostate tumor, as described in a companion paper (Hoffmann and Bischof, 2001). The vasculature was then viewed at 3 and 7 days after cryoinjury under brightfield and FITC-labeled dextran contrast enhancement to assess the vascular injury. The results showed that there was complete destruction of the vasculature in the center of the lesion and a gradual return to normal patency moving radially outward. Histologic examination showed a band of inflammation near the edge of a large necrotic region at both 3 and 7 days after cryosurgery. The area of vascular injury observed with FITC-labeled dextran quantitatively corresponded to the area of necrosis observed in histologic section, and the size of the lesion for tumor and normal tissue was similar at 3 days post cryosurgery. At 7 days after cryosurgery, the lesion was smaller for both tissues, with the normal tissue lesion being much smaller than the tumor tissue lesion. A comparison of experimental injury data to the thermal model validated in a companion paper (Hoffmann and Bischof, 2001) suggested that the minimum temperature required for causing necrosis was in tumor tissue and in normal tissue. The other thermal parameters manifested at the edge of the lesion included a cooling rate of ∼28°C/min, 0 hold time, and a ∼9°C/min thawing rate. The conditions at the edge of the lesion are much less severe than the thermal conditions required for direct cellular destruction of AT-1 cells and tissues in vitro. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that vascular-mediated injury is responsible for the majority of injury at the edge of the frozen region in microvascular perfused tissue.
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August 2001
Technical Papers
Cryosurgery of Normal and Tumor Tissue in the Dorsal Skin Flap Chamber: Part II—Injury Response
Nathan E. Hoffmann,
Nathan E. Hoffmann
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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John C. Bischof
John C. Bischof
Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Urologic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Nathan E. Hoffmann
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
John C. Bischof
Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Urologic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
Contributed by the Bioengineering Division for publication in the JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING. Manuscript received by the Bioengineering Division July 14, 1999; revised manuscript received February 27, 2001. Associate Editor: J. J. McGrath.
J Biomech Eng. Aug 2001, 123(4): 310-316 (7 pages)
Published Online: February 27, 2001
Article history
Received:
July 14, 1999
Revised:
February 27, 2001
Citation
Hoffmann, N. E., and Bischof, J. C. (February 27, 2001). "Cryosurgery of Normal and Tumor Tissue in the Dorsal Skin Flap Chamber: Part II—Injury Response ." ASME. J Biomech Eng. August 2001; 123(4): 310–316. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1385839
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