Active Phase Change Material Cold Storage in Off-Grid Telecommunication Base Stations: Potential Assessment of Primary Energy Savings

The global demand for wireless, mobile communication, and data services has grown significantly in the recent years. Consequently, electrical energy consumption to provide these services has increased. The principal contributors to this electricity demand are approximately 7 million telecommunication base stations (TBS) worldwide. They act as access points for mobile networks and have typical electrical loads of 2–3 kW. Whereas for most of the TBS, the electricity is supplied by the grid, approximately 15% are located in remote areas or regions with poor grid accessibility, where diesel generators (DG) supply the required electricity. Based on a dynamic simulation model the application of a latent heat storage (LHS) using phase change material (PCM) in existing off-grid TBS has been analyzed. The LHS unit has been modeled as an air-based storage with phase change temperatures between 20 °C and 30 °C with the PCM being macro-encapsulated in slabs. This paper demonstrates the potential to reduce the primary energy consumption in off-grid TBS through the following methods: optimization of the DG operating point, of the air conditioning unit operation schedule and the utilization of photovoltaic (PV) energy.