Fig. 1 Schematic of the arterial wall and blood flow in it and the associated geometries and pulsatile parameters More

Fig. 2 An equivalent vibrating-string model for pulsatile wave propagation in the arterial tree (Note: dependence of some parameters on harmonics (or n ) is omitted for simplicity) More

Fig. 3 A lumped-element mechanical model for the LV-artery interaction: the LV is modeled as a second-order dynamic system with mass M , spring stiffness K , and damping coefficient D ; and the arterial tree and termination is modeled as a spring (spring stiffness: Im ( Z 0 n )) and a damp... More

Fig. 4 The vibrating-string model for closed-loop wave transmission and reflection in the arterial section between the aorta and periphery: the forward waveform η f (0 ,t,nω ) at the aorta as the input transmits to periphery, is reflected at periphery, and transmits back as the reflected wavefor... More

Fig. 5 Harmonics of: ( a ) pulsatile pressure, ( b ) blood velocity at the aorta, and ( c ) measured input impedance varies with harmonics in Ref. [ 8 ] More

Fig. 6 Harmonics-dependence of: ( a ) return time and ( b ) reflection magnitude, based on the measured input impedance in Fig. 5( c ) More

Fig. 7 Definition of AI and difficulty in identifying the foot of the backward waveform, due to harmonics-dependence of return time (P: pulsatile pressure waveform (Ref. [ 8 ]), Pf: forward pressure waveform, and Pb: reflected pressure waveform) More

Fig. 8 Input impedance in the vibrating-string model based on the measured input impedance in Fig. 5( c ) More

Fig. 9 Driving force on the LV based on the vibrating-string models for: ( a ) radial wall displacement and ( b ) blood velocity and based on the tube-load model (Note: M  =   0.3 kg, K = M⋅ω 2 , and D=√KM/Q with Q  =   100 are used for calculation) More

Fig. 10 Normalized driving force on the LV and normalized blood velocity and radial wall displacement at the aorta based on: ( a ) the lumped-element mechanical model for the LV-artery interaction and ( b ) the tube-load model More

Fig. 1 Direction of force with respect to the scaffold plane More

Fig. 2 Microstriped ridge pattern compartments with three variations of direction against force field: 90 deg (upper), 45 deg (middle), and 0 deg (lower): force from left to right More

Fig. 3 Force field by centrifuge: micropattern of θ  = 90 deg. is exemplified More

Fig. 4 Contour of cell on microstriped pattern ( θ  = 90 deg) fitted to ellipse More

Fig. 5 Deformation and migration of cell approximated to ellipse on microstriped pattern ( θ  = 90 deg) after removal of force field More

Fig. 6 Cell migration (from compartment of 90 deg to compartment of 45 deg) after removal of centrifugal force field More